Questions

1. What is IHL?
2. When is the application of IHL triggered and when does it end?
3. What is the relationship between IHL and human rights law?
4. What is the distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello and why is it relevant?

Cases

• Kosovo
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Libya
• Afghanistan War on Terror

Compulsory readings:

• Kalshoven, F. & Zegveld, L., Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law (2001), pp. 37-40, 69, 83-86 und 132-134, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0793.pdf

• Vité, Typology of armed conflicts in international humanitarian law: legal concepts and actual situations, No. 873, International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), pp. 69-94, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc-873-vite.pdf

• Rona, Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the “War on Terror", 27 (2) Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, pp. 55-70 (2003), http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/rona_terror.pdf

• International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law: Similarities and Differences, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/ihl_and_ihrl.pdf

Compulsory materials:

• 1949 Geneva Convention III, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/375?OpenDocument;
• 1949 Geneva Convention IV, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/380?OpenDocument;
• 1977 Additional Protocol I, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/470?OpenDocument;
• 1977 Additional Protocol II, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/475?OpenDocument.
• UN Charter, http://secint24.un.org/en/documents/charter/
• 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng
• 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/cescr.pdf
• 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/ccpr.pdf

Optional readings:

• Prosecutor v. Tadic, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 Oct. 1995, paras. 66-70, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acdec/en/51002.htm

• Prosecutor v. Tadic, ICTY, Appeals Chamber Judgement of 15 July 1999, paras. 83-162, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acjug/en/tad-aj990715e.pdf

• International Court of Justice (ICJ), Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, Judgement of 29 June 1986, paras. 109-115, 219, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/70/6503.pdf

• Commentaries on the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol II, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/365-570004-COM?OpenDocument; http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/380-600005-COM?OpenDocument; http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/365-570006-COM?OpenDocument; http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/475-760004-COM?OpenDocument.

• ICRC, The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism (Official Statement, 21 July 2005), http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/terrorism-ihl-210705.htm

• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), International Humanitarian Law: Answers to your Questions, pp. 4-17, 19, 36-39, http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/p0703/$FILE/ICRC_002_0703.pdf

• Bugnion, Just wars, wars of aggression and international humanitarian law, No. 847 IRRC, pp. 523-46 (2002),http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5flct4.htm

• ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004, Summary, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1677.pdf

• ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996, Summary, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=498&code=unan&p1=3&p2=4&case=95&k=e1&p3=5

• Lubell, Challenges in applying human rights law to armed conflict, No. 860, IRRC, pp. 737-754 (2005), http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_860_lubell.pdf

Questions:

1. What minimum guarantees of protection must be afforded to all individuals in armed conflicts without distinction? What is their relationship to human rights law?
2. What are combatants/civilians/Prisoners of War (POWs)? What is the relevance of the distinction between combatants and civilians in international armed conflict? Why is there no combatant status in non-international armed conflict?
3. How are POWs protected under Geneva Convention III?
4. How are civilians protected under Geneva Convention IV and may a State party derogate from certain protections?
5. What are the rules to clarify cases where combatant status is doubtful?
6. Which rules are applicable to detainees in non-international armed conflict?
7. What challenges to the regime of protection of persons have occurred through the U.S. “War on Terror”?

Cases

• OEF Detainees in Afghanistan
• David Hicks
• Mullah Baradar
• Bosnian Muslim detainees

Compulsory readings:

• Kalshoven, F. & Zegveld, L., Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law (2001), pp. 40-41, 51-54, 58-70, 86-91, 98-100, 128-132, 134-136, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0793.pdf

• ICRC, Basic rules of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, 1988, Chapters III, IV, V, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0365.pdf

• Naqvi, Doubtful prisoner-of-war status, 847 IRRC 571-594 (2002), http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_847_naqvi.pdf

• Pejic, Procedural principles and safeguards for internment/administrative detention in armed conflict and other situations of violence, 858 IRRC 375-391 (2005), http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_858_pejic.pdf

Compulsory materials:

• 1949 Geneva Conventions III, IV; 1977 Additional Protocol I, 1977 Additional Protocol II.
• 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
• 1984 Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/cat.pdf.

Further reading:

• ICRC, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, published in 872 IRRC 991-1047 (2008), http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc-872-reports-documents.pdf

• Dörmann, The legal situation of “unlawful/unprivileged combatants”, 849 IRRC 45-74 (2003), http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_849_dorman.pdf

• Procedural safeguards for security detention in non-international armed conflicts - meeting summary, Chatham House & ICRC, London, 22-23 September 2008, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/security-detention-chatham-icrc-report-091209.pdf

• Commission on Human Rights, Situation of detainees at Guantánamo Bay, 27 February 2006, UN-Doc. E/CN.4/2006/120, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/terrorism/docs/E.CN.4.2006.120.pdf

• Military Order, Pres. Bush, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism, 13 Nov. 2001, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/mo-111301.htm

• Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, US District Court for the District of Columbia, Order of 8 Nov. 2004, http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/tribunals/hamdanrums110804opn.pdf

• Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, 15 July 2005, http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200507/04-5393a.pdf

• Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, US Supreme Court, Judgement of 29 June 2006,

http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/05pdf/05-184.pdf

• U.S. Military Commissions Act 2009, http://www.defense.gov/news/2009%20MCA%20Pub%20%20Law%20111-84.pdf

• U.S. Military Commissions Act 2006, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:s3930enr.txt.pdf

• In Re: Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation, Obama Administration Memorandum Regarding the Government´s Detention Authority Relative to Detainees held at Guantanamo Bay, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, 13 March 2009, http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/memo-re-det-auth.pdf

• International Humanitarian Law Applicability to Armed Non-State Actors - Dayana Jadarian - 2007

• Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) manual for Camp Delta, Guantánamo Bay, Cuba & Changes 2003-2004 (Wikileaks)

• Testimony of Guantanamo SOP manual 2004 - Center for the Study of Human Rights in the Americas - 2007

Questions:

1. What are the basic rules on prohibited methods and means of combat and where are they enshrined?
2. What are military objectives, what are civilian objects?
3. How are the rules of distinction, discrimination and proportionality to be implemented under IHL?
4. What are the problems associated with the use of cluster munitions under IHL?
5. What restrictions and prohibitions on weapons are contained under the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) and its Protocols? Does Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War speak to the issue of cluster munitions? If yes, are the provisions adequate to address all concerns associated with cluster munitions?
6. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions?

Cases:

• Cluster Munition Use in Kosovo in 1999
• Cluster Munition Use in Iraq in 2003
• Cluster Munition Use in Lebanon in 2006
• Cluster Munition Use in Georgia in 2008

Compulsory readings:

• Kalshoven, F. & Zegveld, L., Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law (2001), pp. 41-48, 91-94, 96-112, 155-172, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0793.pdf

• Maresca, A new protocol on explosive remnants of war: The history and negotiation of Protocol V to the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 856 IRRC 815-35 (2004), http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_856_maresca.pdf

• Borrie & Cave, The humanitarian effects of cluster munitions: why should we worry?, Disarmament Forum No. 4 (2006), 5-14, http://www.unidir.ch/pdf/articles/pdf-art2528.pdf

• ICRC, Observations on the legal issues related to the use of cluster munitions, Working Paper submitted to the Group pf Governmental Experts to the CCW, 25 June 2007, http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3ED034B62492C4E4C125730E00613E64/$file/CCW+GGE+2007+WP.8+E.pdf

• ICRC, Fact Sheet: 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/ccm-cluster-munitions-eng.pdf

• ICRC Expert Meeting Report: Humanitarian, Technical and Legal Challenges of Cluster Munitions, Montreux Switzerland 18-20 April 2007, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0915.pdf, pp. 13-18, 28-29.

Compulsory materials:

• 1977 Additional Protocol I,
• 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/500-FULL?OpenDocument;
• 1980 Protocol I to the CCW on Non-Detectable Fragments, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/505?OpenDocument
• 1996 Amended Protocol II to the CCW on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/575-FULL?OpenDocument
• 1980 Protocol III to the CCW on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/575-FULL?OpenDocument,
• 1995 Protocol IV to the CCW on Blinding Laser Weapons, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/570-FULL?OpenDocument
• 2003 Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebPrint/610-FULL?OpenDocument.
• 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, http://www.clusterconvention.org/files/2011/01/Convention-ENG1.pdf

Further readings and materials:

• Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, ICJ, Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996 (Summaries of judgements and orders), http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/95/7497.pdf

• ICRC, Advisory Service on International Humanitarian Law, Fact Sheet: 1980 CCW, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/1980_ccw.en.pdf

• Dublin Diplomatic Conference on Cluster Munitions, 19-30 May 2008, http://www.clustermunitionsdublin.ie/

• Report of four human rights experts of the Human Rights Council on their mission to Lebanon and Israel, UN-Doc. A/HRC/2/7, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/141/95/PDF/G0614195.pdf?OpenElement

• Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food on his mission to Lebanon, UN-Doc. A/HRC/2/8, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/141/71/PDF/G0614171.pdf?OpenElement

• Report of the Commission of Inquiry on their mission to Lebanon, A/HRC/3/2, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/specialsession/A.HRC.3.2.pdf

Further websites on cluster munitions:

• http://www.stopclustermunitions.org;
• http://www.stopstreubomben.at/CMC/home.html;
• http://www.landmineaction.org;
• http://www.handicap-international.org;
• http://www.hrw.org/en/category/topic/arms/cluster-munitions;
• http://clusterbombs.mcc.org/;
• http://www.clusterconvention.org;
• http://www.disarmamentinsight.blogspot.com/

Questions:

1. What measures of implementation of IHL are foreseen by the most important conventions of IHL, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols? What are “grave breaches”?
2. What are “war crimes”?
3. What is “international criminal law”? What are “crimes against humanity” and “genocide”?
4. How do the ICTY and ICTR differ from the ICC (establishment, jurisdiction, conflict between national and international tribunal)?

Cases

• Bosnia
• Darfur

Compulsory readings:

• Kalshoven, F. & Zegveld, L., Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law (2001), pp. 70-82, 139-153, 185-200, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0793.pdf

Compulsory materials:

• 1949 Geneva Conventions, 1977 Additional Protocol I;

• ICTY-Statute, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/555?OpenDocument;

• ICTR-Statute, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/565?OpenDocument;

• Rome Statute of the ICC, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/585?OpenDocument.

Further readings and materials:

• Genocide Case (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia), ICJ Judgement (summary), 26 Feb. 2007, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/91/13687.pdf
• Arrest Warrant Case (DRC v. Belgium), ICJ Judgement of 14 Feb. 2002 (summary), http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/121/13743.pdf
• Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, Opinion of 25 Jan. 2005, http://www.un.org/news/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf (in particular executive summary and pp. 124-133).

Cases

• Tablada
• Sierra Leone
• Iraq
• Bert Nussbaumer

Further readings and materials:

• Zegveld, The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and international humanitarian law: A comment on the Tablada case, 324 IRRC 505-511 (1998), http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57jpgb?opendocument
• Zwanenburg, Existentialism in Iraq: Security Council resolution 1483 and the law of occupation, 856 IRRC 745-769 (2004), http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/692EHY/$File/irrc_856_Zwanenburg.pdf
• Cameron, Private military companies: their status under international humanitarian law and its impact on their regulation, 863 IRRC 573-598 (2006), http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/review-863-p573/$File/irrc_863_Cameron.pdf
• Vité & Porretto, The application of international humanitarian and human rights law to international organisations, Research Paper University Centre for International Humanitarian Law, 2006, pp. 9-11, 32-38, http://www.adh-geneva.ch/research/pdf/travaux/1/CTR_IHL_application.pdf
• 1907 Hague Convention IV, Annex, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/195?OpenDocument
• 1949 Geneva Conventions III, IV;
• 1977 Additional Protocol I;
• UN Charter

Humanitarian Assistance - the Role of the ICRC

This is going to be a special session with a guest speaker of the Austrian Red Cross, Mag.ª MARTINA SCHLOFFER. Martina Schloffer has extensive field experience in the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, including in Iraq, Eritrea and Sri Lanka where she served in various capacities. She is currently Head of the Department of International Disaster Management at the Austrian Red Cross. After an introduction on my part on the legal bases of the work on the ICRC and emblem issues, Martina Schloffer will provide you with a practical perspective on the work of the ICRC in the field, including detention visits and family reunification in an interactive presentation.

	Readings Please prepare all readings before the relevant session.

Materials and Information

	Information on Materials Materials will be added as the course proceeds (e.g. Powerpoint Files .ppt). Files are compressed with WinZip / 7zip. Uncompress files first.
	- Materials 2011 - Materials 2010 - Materials 2008
	Cluster Bombs Cluster Bomb Videos and Links.

Bibliography

Monographs and Essay Collections

• Aksar, Y., Implementing International Humanitarian Law (2004), VÖR.A315.I3.
• Arnold, R. & Quénivet, N. (eds.), International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: Towards a New Merger in International Law (2008), VÖR.A758.I6.
• Bassiouni, M. Ch., Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law (2nd edn., 1999), VÖR.B321.C9.
• Bassiouni, M. Ch., The Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (1996), VÖR.B321.L4.
• Broomhall, B., International Justice and the International Criminal Court: Between Sovereignty and the Rule of Law (2003), VÖR.B873.I6.
• Cassese, A., International Law (2nd edn, 2005), VÖR.C344.I6-2.
• Cassese, A., International Criminal Law (2003), VÖR.C344.I6.
• Cassese, A., International Criminal Law (2nd ed., 2008), VÖR.C344.I6-2.
• Cassese, A., et al (eds.), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2 Volumes, Materials (2002), IOR.C344.R7.
• Cassese, A., The New Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict (1979), 13806/4.
• Coomans, F. & Kamminga M., Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties (2004), VÖR.C775.E9.
• Delissen, A.J.M. & Tanja (eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflicts (1991), 2034/25.
• Dinstein, Y., The International Law of Belligerent Occupation (2009), VÖR.D587.I6.
• Duffy, H., The ‘War on Terror’ and the Framework of International Law (2005), VÖR.D858.W2.
• Durham, H. & McCormack, T.L.H (eds.), The Changing Face of Conflict and the Efficacy of International Humanitarian Law (1999), VÖR.D961.C4.
• Eide, A. (ed.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: a textbook (2001), MER.E34.E1-2.Aufl.
• Eide, A. (ed.), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1993), VÖR.E34.U5.
• Evans, M.D., International Law (2003), VÖR.E92.I6.
• Fischer, H. (ed.), International and National Prosecution of Crimes under International Law: Current Developments (20019, IOR.F529.
• Fleck, D. (ed.), The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts (1999), VÖR.F593.H2.
• Gardam, J. (ed.), Humanitarian Law (1999), VÖR.G217.H9.
• Henckaerts, J. & Doswald-Beck, L. (eds.), Customary International Humanitarian Law, 3 Vols. (2005), MER.H494.C9.
• Holzgrefe, J. L. (ed.), Humanitarian intervention: ethical, legal and political dilemmas (2003), VÖR.H762.H9, MER.762.H9.
• Josipovic, I. (ed.), Responsibility for War Crimes: Croatian Perspective (2005), VÖR.J83.R4.
• Kalshoven, F. & Zegveld, L., Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law (2001), available at http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/p0793/$File/ICRC_002_0793.PDF!Open.
• Kelly, M. J., Restoring and maintaining order in complex peace operations: the search for a legal framework (1999), IBZ.K29.R4.
• Lee, R.S. (ed.), The International Criminal Court: Issues, Negotiations, Results (1999), IOR.L479.I6.
• MacCoubrey, H., International humanitarian law: the regulation of armed conflicts (1996), MER.M131.I6.
• Moir, L., The Law of Internal Armed Conflict (2003), VÖR.M713.L4.
• Nowak, M., Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime (2003), MER.N946.I6
• Nowak, M., U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 2nd ed. 2005, MER.N946.U5-2.Aufl.
• Pictet, J. & Swinarski, Ch. (eds.), Studies and essays on international humanitarian law and the Red Cross principles (1984), 728/3.
• Sadat, L.N., The International Criminal Court and the Transformation of International Law: Justice for the New Millenium (2002), IOR.S124.I6.
• Sassoli, M. & Bouvier, A., How Does Law Protect in War?, 2 Vols. (1999), MER.S252.D6.
• Van Sliedregt, E., The Criminal Responsibility of Individuals for Violations of International Humanitarian Law (2003), VÖR.S633.C9.
• Vorah, L.Ch. (ed.), Man´s Inhumanity to Man: Essays on International Law in Honour of Antonio Cassese (2003), FSS.V888.M2.

Relevant Journals

• American Journal of International Law
• British Yearbook of International Law
• European Journal of International Law - Full Text Archive
• German Yearbook of International Law
• Humanitäres Völkerrecht/Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (most articles in English)

Relevant Websites

Focus

• United Nations: contains relevant UN-Documents, http://www.un.org/
• International Court of Justice, http://www.icj-cij.org/
• United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/WelcomePage.aspx
• International Committee of the Red Cross: contains all IHL conventions, as well as an on-line version of the International Review of the Red Cross, http://www.icrc.org/eng
• Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights: contains research papers on timely IHL issues, http://www.adh-geneva.ch/
• International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, http://www.un.org/icty/
• International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, http://69.94.11.53/
• Special Court for Sierra Leone, http://www.sc-sl.org/
• International Criminal Court, http://www.icc-cpi.int/

Ressources

• American Society of International Law

International Institutions

• United Nations
• Organization of American States
• African Union

Tribunals

• Ad hoc criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda
• International Criminal Court

International NGOs

• Human Rights Watch
• Amnesty International
• Coalition for An International Criminal Court

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